A recent study by Leoci and colleagues confirms that sterility can be achieved with an intra-epididymal injection of calcium chloride in dogs, with no drop in serum testosterone. However, the procedure required ultrasound guidance and took as long as castration. Intra-epididymal use of calcium chloride may be best for dogs whose owners do not wish to have any change in behavior or anatomy. Sotradecol is an inexpensive drug commonly used as a sclerosant to collapse spider veins in humans.
Although it has not been tried, foaming sotradecol might be an optimal epididymal injection, sclerosing the epididymis and staying in place more than a liquid sterilant.
This prior art description of epididymal sotradecol injection provides more information on the approach. Another epididymal approach tested in rams is epididymal ligation. This is an interesting, extremely simple, low-cost technique. It might not work in dogs because of anatomical differences in epididymal size and position, but could be tried.
Ultrasound is a non-invasive sterilization treatment for males using equipment commonly available in medical offices. Researcher Raffaella Leoci is the primary investigator who published two studies in dogs; a publication can be found online, and the publication details the exact methods necessary for effectiveness in mid-size dogs. This method has not progressed because permanent sterilization depends on specific equipment settings.
Vasalgel is a contraceptive that is currently being developed for humans see our Vasalgel page , but the concept is also applicable to dogs and other species. Vasalgel works by injecting a polymer gel into the vas deferens — the tube that carries the sperm — which blocks the sperm but allows fluids to pass through.
The procedure does not affect hormones and is being developed as a reversible option. Please note that as of early , Zeuterin is no longer available but was approved by the FDA. Many people believe that neutered male dogs make better pets because they are less aggressive. However, research does not support this conclusion. A recent large survey reported that spayed or neutered dogs did not differ from intact dogs in terms of aggression directed toward familiar people or pets, and they actually showed higher levels of aggression toward strangers.
Dog aggression is a main reason for relinquishment to shelters, and neutered male dogs are more often surrendered for behavioral reasons. Gonadectomized dogs may also develop more anxiety and fear, and show more cognitive decline than intact dogs.
Neutering male dogs may decrease reproductive-related behaviors urine marking, mounting and roaming but impacts on other behaviors are variable. Veterinarians are not yet routinely trained to perform these alternative sterilization procedures. The Parsemus Foundation encourages a consideration of all options and an individualized decision-making process regarding sterilization, as is recommended by the American College of Theriogenologists.
Shelters offering hormone-sparing sterilization options will have an answer for potential adoptees who would otherwise be turned off from shelter adoption because of mandatory traditional spay. Veterinarians offering the option are already in great demand.
Loie, a perfect example of the dilemma. Remove her ovaries now? Spayed labs and rottweilers face particularly great health risks. But what if she could have a hysterectomy and keep her ovaries but still be sterilized instead?
Knowing whether a dog was sterilized is critical for preventing unnecessary repeat surgeries. However, lack of standardization has been a barrier. After a review of common identification methods for owned dogs and methods being used currently by veterinarians, a simple tattoo in the inguinal area is recommended as the standard for hormone-preserving sterilization methods:.
The simplicity of the marks does not require dedicated tattoo equipment or special skill, so that most veterinarians could provide the identification. Tattoos can be created using a needle or scalpel to apply the tattoo ink to the dermis. The procedure is completed while the dog is sedated for a sterilization procedure, and no additional input from the owner is required and no additional equipment is needed for detection.
Many dogs have already received a traditional spay or neuter surgery, removing the ovaries or testes, especially if they were adopted from a shelter or rescue organization. For many, they will live a healthy life. But for some dogs, the loss of natural hormones may result in a variety of ailments. In humans, a premature loss of hormones would be treated by hormone therapy supplementing with estrogen, testosterone, or others to maintain health. This idea makes sense, but unfortunately restoring normal hormone levels is not a standard veterinary treatment.
The only common use is in dogs with incontinence. A recent case report published in Topics in Companion Animal Medicine reviewed the use of hormone restoration therapy in a neutered male dog that had significant health issues shortly after gonadectomy: weight gain, loss of mobility due to pain in the right hip, and debilitating fear of strangers.
After three years of standard medical treatments with no significant improvement, hormone restoration was attempted. Low testosterone was increased and extremely high luteinizing hormone was decreased so that both were within normal levels. Within months, this treatment resulted in improved mobility, stabilized weight, and reduction in fear and anxiety. The dog could run, jump, and visit public parks — things he could not do previously without pain or extreme anxiety.
If you think your dog suffers from loss of hormones, you might consider checking hormone levels including LH on his or her next checkup. Feel free to share this case study publication when you speak to your veterinarian about treatement. And send us an update on your experience if you and your veterinarian decide to try hormone restoration for your dog.
However, at this time, few veterinarians offer these procedures. To help connect pet owners with veterinarians who perform OSS, vasectomy, and other alternative procedures, the Parsemus Foundation maintains a veterinary directory.
Looking for a veterinarian willing to perform procedures beyond surgical spay or neuter? Browse our directory of qualified veterinary professionals. Do you offer alternative methods of contraception like ovary-sparing spay and vasectomy? Join our referral directory so new clients can find you. Research on spaying and neutering has increasingly provided evidence of potential negative effects on lifelong health in dogs.
Hormone-sparing sterilization is a way to preserve. Whether dogs should automatically undergo spay or neuter procedures is the topic of a story by Alexandra Ellerbeck in the Washington Post. She reports that. One out of every seven cats has hypertrophic cardiomyopathy — a heart disease that causes the heart muscle to thicken.
The most common U. You May Also Like Four classic scientific articles you can put to use right away. You May Also Like When should you refuse to perform surgery? Suggested Veterinary Products.
Vanguard Rapid Resp Intranasal. Vet2Pet offers two new mobile app releases: breed-specific and custom list notifications. Log in to Reply. Comments Cancel reply You must be logged in to post a comment.
How to add specialists to your practice — your hospital library. Integrative medicine from a One Health perspective. Are we making headway or losing ground? How to properly utilize your techs.
He's referred to as My Lord" but I'm not sure of his actual title. Where would I find these? What does prose and poetry mean? What's the difference? In The Scarlet Letter, why is the scaffold important and how does it change over the course of the novel? Why does the legend of King Arthur hold such a powerful grip over us? Do you like to read books? What are the metrical features in poetry? What are the riddles that Gollum asked Bilbo in The Hobbit?
Can you tell me what these two quotes from Much Ado About Nothing mean? What is connotation, and how do you find it in a poem? What is a dramatic monologue? What is formal fallacy? In the movie Dead Poets Society, what are some themes and values that are relevant to Transcendentalism. What is Transcendentalism? Why didn't Mina Harker realize she was under Dracula's spell when she witnessed her friend fall prey to him, too?
Wasn't it obvious? How could he be presented as a hero instead? In Romeo and Juliet , what are the different types of irony used? Um, what's irony? What is the main theme in Fahrenheit ? Why is Invisible Man considered a bildungsroman? Rank that eventually prompts him to disclose his own secret? What is a definition of short story? What percentage of people are considered geniuses? How do I write and publish my own novel? Do I use the past or present tense to answer this question: What is this poem about?
How would you use the PDSA cycle in your personal life? Math I am confused about adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing negative numbers. Who are some famous female mathematicians? How did ounce come to be abbreviated as oz.? Given the set of numbers [7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42], find a subset of these numbers that sums to The speed limit on a certain part of the highway is 65 miles per hour. What is this in feet per minute?
What is the sum of the angles of an octagon? In math, what does reciprocal mean? How many grams in an ounce? A number is 20 less than its square. Find all answers. How much is 1, thousands? How do I find the angles of an isosceles triangle whose two base angles are equal and whose third angle is 10 less than three times a base angle? Explain with words and an example how any number raised to the zero power is 1? What three consecutive numbers add up to ?
How many ,,s in 50 billion? Of students asked if they like rock and roll or country music, 7 said they like neither, 90 said they like rock and roll, and 57 said they like country music. How many students like both? What's the formula to convert square feet into square meters? In math, what is the definition of order of operations?
What's the difference between digital and analog? What is the square root of ,? What are all of the prime numbers? Our teacher told us to look for clues in math word problems. What did she mean? How do I figure out math word problems without going crazy? What good is geometry going to do me after I get out of school?
I keep forgetting how to add fractions. Can you remind me? My teacher talks about the Greatest Common Factor. What's so great about it? Got any tips on finding percentages of a number? How do I use domain and range in functions? How do I change percents to decimals and fractions? How about decimals and fractions to percents?
What should I do if my teacher wants me to solve an inequality on a number line? What is a fast and easy way to work word problems? How do you combine numbers and symbols in an algebraic equation? How do I go about rounding off a number? Can you describe a prism for me? How can I double-check my answers to math equations? How do you factor a binomial? I get the words mean , mode , median , and range mixed up in math. What do they all mean?
How do you combine like terms in algebra? Can you make it easier for me to understand what makes a number a prime number? Explain probability to me and how about some examples? Solving story problems is, well, a problem for me. What's inferential statistics all about? Finding percentages confuses me. Do you have any tips to make it simpler?
What's a quadratic equation, and how do I solve one? How do you figure out probability? How do you add integers?
How do you use factoring in quadratic equations? What are limits in calculus? I've looked everywhere to find the meaning of this word and I can't find it. What's the definition of tesseract? In geometry, how do you get the perimeters of a square and a rectangle?
What is the absolute value of a negative number? A rectangle swimming pool is 24m longer than it is wide and is surrounded by a deck 3m wide. Find the area of the pool if the area of the deck is m 2.
Where do I even start to solve this problem? How do you classify numbers, as in rational numbers, integers, whole numbers, natural numbers, and irrational numbers? I am mostly stuck on classifying fractions. How do you convert a fraction to a decimal or change a decimal to a fraction?
Please help! Sometimes when I'm doing my pre-calculus homework I need help on some of the problems. Do you know where I can find help on the weekends or whenever?
How do you convert metric measurements? I'm curious about converting Celsius to Fahrenheit, or Fahrenheit to Celsius. How do I convert from one to the other? In basic math, the fraction bar shows division. So why does this equation show multiplication instead of division? I'm taking geometry and I'm having problem with the angles and the degree. Is there a way you can help me out? The perimeter of a rectangle is 66m.
The width is 9m less than the length. What is the length and width of the rectangle? How many dollars are in 5, pesos? How many ounces in a pound? I'm having a hard time remembering percent of change. Is there a better way of understanding it? How do I figure out tangrams? What are quadrilaterals?
What is the least common multiple of 8, 6, and 12? How do you convert decimals to fractions? Sciences How did the planet" Pluto get its name? I know it's named after the mythical god of the underworld, but why? What does gender really mean? What does plum pudding have to do with physics? What is the functionalist perspective in sociology? What does pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis mean?
Why aren't viruses considered living things? Why does your breathing rate increase when you exercise? Everyone says you shouldn't clean your ears with cotton swabs because you could break an eardrum. But if you do break your eardrum, will it grow back? What is a mole? How, and why, is body fat stored?
Where on the body do you find ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium? Since she was only married for 72 days, does Kim Kardashian have to give back her wedding gifts?
In the United States, how can you get buried at sea? What exactly is Salvia divinorum , and is it legal? What is the composition and volume of whole blood? Should I refer to a widow as Mrs. Is it possible to catch more than one cold at a time?
Why does the Earth have more gravitational force than the moon or some other planet? Did humans evolve from monkeys or apes? What is the largest organ in the human body?
How did we end up with both Fahrenheit and Celsius scales? What is absolute zero? What is cell theory? How come when humans flatulate, it smells bad?
What is the most abundant element in the earth's crust? Is global warming man-made? What exactly is wind? And why does it blow? This sounds really disgusting, but I'm curious: Can humans drink animal blood, or any other kind of blood? Why is space exploration important?
How is photosynthesis essential to life on earth? What is the highest mountain in New Mexico? What's the difference between a psychiatrist and a psychologist?
Who are the unbelievers" referred to in The Koran? What is it that they do not believe? What happens when you die?
Why is it important to memorize where the 50 states are on a map? What kind of endangered species are there? Can you give me some examples, please? It's impossible to sneeze with your eyes open, so when you drive a car, is it against the law to sneeze? What are tectonic plates? I have boy trouble.
I want to ask out my friend, but I am not sure he is going to say yes. Plus, he said he had a girlfriend when we talked during school. Plus, my parents don't want me to date. Why is the sky blue? Do you really shrink at the end of the day and then grow in the morning?
What is the difference between matter" and "mass"? What are closed contour lines? What is homeostasis? What does the periodic table look like? Do you know anything about the law of conservation of energy? Is it really a law? I thought I knew what work means, but my physics teacher defines it differently. What's up with that? How do plants know when to drop their leaves? What's the surface of the moon like? How does the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom differentiate it from another atom?
How do big rocks wear down over time? What does genetic recombination mean? How has DNA matching really made big difference in finding out who committed a crime? What's the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems?
What is incomplete dominance? Can hydrocarbons be considered compounds? Can you explain what molar mass is? Aren't fungi really plants? What information is contained in a chemical equation? What are the endocrine and exocrine systems?
How do electrical charges interact? Are there more than three kingdoms of life? I can never remember. What are the characteristics of electrically charged objects? How does anomie theory explain deviant behavior? Why would anybody think there might be life on another planet? What are chemical solutions? Do you know of any way to simplify the overall subject of biochemical genetics? Can a loud noise really shatter glass? How do magnetic fields work? Did Clarence Darrow really call an animal in to testify at the famous monkey trial?
What role does the thyroid gland play in the human body? What did Mendel discover about heredity when he was playing around with plants? How many laws of motion did Newton come up with, and what are they? What in the world is constructive and destructive interference? How do viruses do their dirty work?
What do bones do, except give us a skeletal structure? Do all viruses look alike? My teacher keeps talking about solubility. What does that mean, anyway? How do positive and negative reinforcement work? How does nondisjunction relate to birth defects? With all the germs in the world today, how come everybody's not sick all the time? What is thermal equilibrium?
How are sound waves created? What do taste buds look like — up-close? How often does an eclipse happen? What is the chemical composition of saltwater? I was told to write a sentence answer to this question: When in life do you learn to expect the unexpected? I don't really know of an answer.
Can you help me figure it out? My school is having a blood drive and I am considering donating blood. Can you tell me more about the whole process and if it is painful? Where can I download music for free? And if I do, is it illegal? How do I convince my parents to give me ten bucks? How should I deal with being a perfectionist? How do I convince my little brother and sisters to stay out of my room? Can you eat a rooster? How do I work out a problem with a teacher who loses the assignments I turn in and then accuses me of not doing the homework?
Could a Tyrannosaurus rex kill King Kong? Will a tattoo inhibit hair growth? When did gays come about? I was wondering if the tilt on the earth's axis is important to animal life on earth. Could you explain? What are the four types of tissue found in the human body? Is there any easy" way to understand the Krebs Cycle? What is cell death? And what is the difference between apoptosis and necrosis?
How do I find the molar mass of the elements on the periodic table? What do the symbols on the Periodic Table mean? How is your mind connected to your dreams? Does this have anything to do with psychology? What are the three main functions of the skeletal system? What are the characteristics of a moneran, protist, and fungus?
Why does a placebo work? And who does it work for? What are two properties of metals, nonmetals, and metalloids? What is lymph? Is it part of the circulatory system in our bodies? Can there be life on Mars? How much of the ozone layer is left? Is it possible for a marine mammal to be infected with rabies? What exactly does the RNA do? What is the sperm travel process? The reasoning is that diseases of the uterus are prevented by removing it. In many European countries, however, this argument doesn't fly.
The ovariectomy has been practiced for decades in Europe, among other locations, with reportedly no increase in the numbers of patients with future diseases of the uterus. In fact, an article I read in a small animal surgery magazine stated that "there is no definitive advantage for removing the uterus in addition to the ovaries.
This also means anesthesia time is shorter with an ovariectomy. Is an ovariectomy less risky? Complications are rare with both procedures, but similar. Complications in either case may include:.
0コメント