Parenthetical citation The general form is Author, date , within parentheses. For instance Narrative citation You do not necessarily need to use parenthetical citations in your work, but you must include both the author and the date of the work you wish to cite within the body of your text.
Here are two examples: Kessler found that among epidemiological samples. In , Kessler's study of epidemiological samples showed that. If the work has 3 or more authors , your brief in-text citation will give only the family name of the first author, followed by "et al.
If the author is a company , government organisation , or other group , use the full name in your citation. If you have multiple authors with the same name or no author, click on the appropriate question under In-Text Citations: Advanced below. Direct quotations If you are including a word-for-word quote from another work, you must enclose the quote in quotation marks and add the page number or numbers to your citation.
Example: Social media users will share different types of content on different sites, often basing their decisions on a mental model of how their audience on each site will react. APA 7 Tutorial: Direct Quotations and Paraphrases Learn how to cite and format direct quotations, including short quotations and block quotations; make and indicate changes to quotations; and cite paraphrased material. In-Text Citations: Advanced If the work you want to cite is more complex than the examples above, click on a question below to find out more.
Expand all. How do you cite a work with no author? Full end-text reference for an article i. In-text citation for a stand-alone work with no author Interpersonal Skills , According to Interpersonal Skills What if an organisation's name is very long? Can it be abbreviated?
You are not required to abbreviate a long name. You may use the full name every time. What if the work has no publication date? What if it includes the month and day? Entry in an online dictionary that updates continuously "Self-Report", n.
Newspaper article published June 22, Caro, How do you cite a specific part of a text? What if the work has no page numbers? You can also use this method to discuss a section of work within your writing. Page range Wang, , pp. Boisvert, , Some classic works like Shakespeare's works or the Bible use a numbering system that is consistent across editions, and when citing specific portions it can be more helpful to use that system than to give page numbers, e.
How do you cite multiple works for one idea? Multiple references, in general Cairns, ; Gemmill et al. Special emphasis on one work Gemmill et al. What if two works have the same author and same publication year?
The same letter will be added to the year in your in-text citation each time you want to cite that source: Johnston, b If you're citing something with a more specific date, the letter still attaches to the year. More specific date Caro, J.
What if two different authors share the same family name? Brown, b If identifying the two authors as separate people is needed to avoid confusion What if two works with multiple authors have the same first author and year of publication?
What if I want to cite something that is cited in another work secondary citation? Sheridan, my in-text citation will look like this: Khoo, , as cited in Sheridan, I will include an end-text reference for the L.
What if I want to cite an image or table? How do I cite personal communications or other irretrievable sources? Personal communication citation For your in-text citation, include the first initials and family name of the source, the phrase 'personal communication', and the full date if available.
Henderson, personal communication, November 8, Unlike other works you cite, you do not include a reference list entry for personal communications. APA 7 Tutorial: Personal Communications Learn how to cite personal communications, including emails, classroom lectures, personal interviews, text messages, letters, and telephone conversations, as well as how to cite or discuss other types of interviews, such as recoverable interviews or research participant interviews that serve as a data source for your study.
Library Contact library ecu. Report a problem. References should be denoted numerically and in sequence in the text, using superscript.
Authors should, where possible, provide DOIs for the articles they cite. These should form part of the main reference section and should be numbered accordingly. Authors should avoid citing a personal communication, unless it provides essential information not available from a public source.
In this case, include the nature and source of the cited information, using a term or terms to indicate clearly that no corresponding citation is in the reference list. Place the source information in parentheses the name of the person and date of communication. The same format should be followed for documents available to scholars in an archive or a depository.
Authors can cite papers and poster sessions presented at meetings, including items that were presented but never published and items for which any subsequent publication is unknown. If subsequent publication is known, they should cite the published form rather than the meeting paper or poster session. Country Name of Act: Name of sovereign this should be in italics Chapter number this should be in italics Place of publication Publisher Year of publication Great Britain.
Chapter London: The Stationery Office; Annual Report. Trivial Disputes. Bad Science. Evidence-based practice and information literacy. Exploring methods in information literacy research. Toponymical atlas of Spain. Soil mechanics: concepts and applications. London: Taylor and Francis; Feynman RP, Davies P. The character of physical law. London: Thomas Telford Publishing; Trans Graham DW. Oxford: Clarendon; Citing and referencing guide: Vancouver style.
London: Imperial College London; Britannica Choosing Health: making healthier choices easier. Version 9. Timm, T. The role of whisker length in mouse J Physiol 61 3 The role of estrogen in J Physiol 2 6 Bugjuice et al.
Author s Unknown or Not Named. If the authorship of a paper or other document is not provided, cite the author using the word "Anonymous" in the place of the authors name s. Department, Popville, Maine. Anonymous OR Anonymous Gumwad, G. Behavior patterns of mice. New York: Harper Gumwad OR Gumwad Huth, J. Robinson, P. Scientific format and style The CBE manual for authors, editors, and publishers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Huth et al. Kuret, J. Adenohypophyseal hormones and related New York: Pergamon.
Most of the time, paraphrasing and summarizing your sources is sufficient but remember that you still have to cite them! Most of the time, you can just identify a source and quote from it, as in the first example above.
Sometimes, however, you will need to modify the words or format of the quotation in order to fit in your paper. Whenever you change the original words of your source, you must indicate that you have done so.
Otherwise, you would be claiming the original author used words that he or she did not use. But be careful not to change too many words!
You could accidentally change the meaning of the quotation and falsely claim the author said something they did not. For example, let's say you want to quote from the following passage in an essay called "United Shareholders of America," by Jacob Weisberg:.
When you quote, you generally want to be as concise as possible. Keep only the material that is strictly relevant to your own ideas. So here you would not want to quote the middle sentence, since it is repeated again in the more informative last sentence.
However, just skipping it would not work -- the final sentence would not make sense without it. So, you have to change the wording a little bit. In order to do so, you will need to use some editing symbols. Your quotation might end up looking like this:. The brackets around the word [money] indicate that you have substituted that word for other words the author used. To make a substitution this important, however, you had better be sure that [money] is what the final phrase meant -- if the author intentionally left it ambiguous, you would be significantly altering his meaning.
That would make you guilty of fraudulent attribution. In this case, however, the paragraph following the one quoted explains that the author is referring to money, so it is okay. As a general rule, it is okay to make minor grammatical and stylistic changes to make the quoted material fit in your paper, but it is not okay to significantly alter the structure of the material or its content. When you have "embedded quotes," or quotations within quotations, you should switch from the normal quotation marks "" to single quotation marks '' to show the difference.
For example, if an original passage by John Archer reads:. The exact formatting requirements for long quotations differ depending on the citation style. In general, however, if you are quoting more than 3 lines of material, you should do the following:. A bibliography is a list of all of the sources you have used in the process of researching your work.
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