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If left unchecked, this Load shedding is a controlled way to make sure that the national power grid remains stable and Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Police Department arrested four suspects for possession of unlicenced The water supply interruption initially scheduled for this weekend, affecting Germiston and parts The City is aware of the prevailing water supply interruptions.
Bio-technicians from the City are working around the clock to clear the sewer spillage at the Political parties are required to remove their elections posters or risk being fined now that the The City of Ekurhuleni wishes to caution customers that electricity loadshedding may impact water A number of studies have explored the impact of liberalisation on the labour market, with Edwards arguing that technological change, rather than trade liberalisation, is the primary cause of falling employment in South Africa.
Bhorat finds that trade liberalisation has had a positive impact of labour demand in manufactures. A feature of all of these studies is the focus on macroeconomic, or economy- wide, effects of liberalisation.
To be sure, there have been a number of microlevel studies examining the competitiveness of the manufacturing economy, or of one or other industry for example, Barnes on the automotive industry, Roberts on the plastics industry. There is, however, no systematic study in South Africa on the relationship between trade liberalisation at the macro level, and its micro or firm- level adjustment effects. It is this gap in the South African trade and industry literature that this paper proposes to address.
Specifically, this paper aims to explore how manufacturing firms are adjusting to the liberalization of trade, how firms are adjusting their production in the face of a change in incentive structures, how they are dealing with the currency risks associated with increased international trade, and the linkages between export growth and productivity at the level of the firm. More importantly, it covers the largest industrial concentration in South Africa and in sub-Saharan Africa.
The economy of Ekurhuleni reflects the apartheid legacy of minerals-oriented industrialisation, and the growth of an urban labour pool to supply the mines. Ekurhuleni grew on the back of the main concentration of gold mining in the country.
This is reflected in the structure of manufacturing. Ekurhuleni accounted for 37 per cent of South African output of machinery and 33 per cent of metal products in , with major markets for each historically being mining. Regeneration of the industrial base is thus crucial to addressing unemployment and poverty in the region.
This paper examines the impact of national developments and policies on the development of industry in Ekurhuleni. It assesses role of local government in industrial development in light of recent literature addressing agglomeration effects, industrial districts, and the deve lopment of local economic competencies and institutions. The analysis draws on recent work on the manufacturing sector in Ekurhuleni and a case study of the foundry industry in particular, focusing on its performance and recent development in terms of firm capabilities, orientation, and the institutional framework.
We use standard quantities measures of trade policy analysis as an input into a discussion of the impact of the trade regime on the economy. The paper also undertakes some sensitivity analysis about how we think about some basic welfare concepts.
Some times, however, it is difficult to know whether one is really dealing with an absence or not. In the case of South African labour economics some absences have attracted attention: the surprisingly small size of the informal sector, or the surprisingly small rate of job creation during the s.
To these mysteries can be added another: the disappearance of about manufacturing workers from the population census. Conventionally, much of the analysis of poverty has focused on money-metric poverty lines. However, as Amartya Sen and others have shown, welfare is a rich and complex concept that cannot be adequately captured by income and expenditure. To avoid the arbitrariness of a poverty line and the one-dimensionality of money-metric poverty measure, the paper opts for Totally Fuzzy and Relative indices of poverty — as pioneered by Cheli and Lemmi It provides a multi-dimensional account of poverty and deprivation without assigning arbitrary weights to the different poverty dimensions.
Rather, the method weighs poverty dimensions according to the frequency of deprivation in this dimension among members of the population: the more common deprivation is in a specific dimension, the less weight the specific dimension will receive in the calculation of the index.
Joblessness is strongly implicated in such socio-economic problems as crime, poverty, alcoholism, HIVAIDS, and even poor educational outcomes and low skill levels see for example Bhorat et al. The literature flowing from household survey data has however tended to confine itself to measuring unemployment and its consequences. In doing this, it tends to treat unemployment as something that happens to individuals and communities. However, factors such as unemployment and poverty will have obvious feedback effects on the current capabilities of individuals, on the intergenerational transmission of capital and especially human capital and on social and market structure.
Below critical threshold levels, such factors can generate market and coordination failures. The distortions generated by unemployment can become endogenized in the sense that they become part of the cause of unemployment. To date, there is no clear understanding in the South African literature as to whether such endogenous factors are important and how they interact with other factors such as so-called imposed distortions caused, for example by labour legislation and union wage premia and other macroeconomic causes of unemployment.
Employers were also required to register their domestic workers with the Unemployment Insurance Fund UIF and to withhold UIF contributions from their paychecks; since April of domestic workers have been entitled to unemployment benefits. In November of , a schedule of minimum wages, including time-and-a-half provisions for overtime work, went into effect.
The minima were set above the median hourly wages that prevailed at the time, making this a significant intervention in the domestic worker labor market. This paper attempts to determine if these regulations have had any effect on wages, employment levels, hours of work, and the conditions of employment.
Econometric evidence supports the conclusion that the wage increases were caused by the regulations, since the largest increases are seen in places where the greatest number of workers were initially below the minimum wage.
Survey data on the micro-economic impact of public works programme participation is used alongside a social accounting matrix SAM for the South African economy which models the impact of a demand stimulus to the South African economy reflecting a hypothetical annual public works programme of R3 billion, using data from a labour based road rehabilitation programme.
Drawing on recent survey data from two public works programmes in South Africa, the microeconomic impacts of public works programme participation in terms of income poverty, non income poverty and labour market performance are reviewed.
These microeconomic findings are then linked to recent research examining the macro-economic impacts of public works programmes and the two are considered together in order to assess the micro-macro linkage of public works programmes and theircontribution to development and poverty reduction.
This analysis is particularly relevant given the popularity of public works as an instrument for labour market and social protection intervention throughout the continent. The microeconomic analysis suggests that while participation in a public works programme may contribute to a reduction in the depth of poverty, with improvements in participation in education and nutrition, and have positive psychosocial benefits, the impact of a short term programme may not be significant in terms of a reduction in headcount poverty or improvements in asset ownership material or financial.
In this case the public works programme income may function essentially as a temporary wage shock, since the insurance function of the transfer is limited by the short duration of the employment period.
If targeted to poorer groups, with lower levels of school participation and poorer nutrition, impact may be greater per unit of wage transferred, interms of contributing to human capital, but is still not likely to move participants out of poverty, but rather reduce the depth of their poverty. This paper presents an estimate of the wealth that left South Africa in the form of capital flight during the period to We find that from to average capital flight as a percentage of GDP was 6.
In this paper, we deviate from the existing literature on capital flight from South Africa by suggesting that the motivation of people involved in capital flight before and after the fall of apartheid may have changed. We find that capital flight as a percentage of GDP was higher after the democratic elections in , even though, there was much more political and economic instability during the period investigated before the democratic elections.
The increase in capital flight as a percentage of GDP may reflect the discomfort of those involved in capital flight in the post-apartheid democratic process. We also consider how international capital flows and structural weaknesses in the economy have influenced capital flight. A preliminary descriptive analysis of households October Farah Pirouz In this paper we comprehensively examine household size and structures in the October Household Survey , , and the Labour Force Survey September and Over the period, the average household size has decreased significantly, by 0.
A rising share of single households from We investigate the question of how such changes in the patterns of household composition could be correlated to changes in labour force participation rates, unemployment rates, and employment rates.
We further trace the distribution of unemployment andemployment over South African households over time. The shares of workless households where no member is employed, and full employment households, where all working age adult members earn income from work, tell about employment polarisation.
Findings may also provide explanations for why rising household inequality and household poverty are observed. Given the absence of a comprehensive social security net, a rising number of workless households in which no member earns work income may explain an increase in inequality measures over the same period. Therefore the explorations are general and the argumentation follows several avenues.
To further explore household dynamics in conjunction with labour forcedynamics, panel data is required. The Labour Force Survey is designed as a rotating panel, and Statistics SA is still in the process of matching household and individual observations.
The purpose of this paper is to use an industrial organisation framework, focusing on the analytical units, the firm and the market, to assess the impact of trade liberalisation within the Southern African region, SADC.
It is specifically the firm-level responses to various policies that will provide insight into changes in national industrial configurations, regional patterns of industrialisation and the potential for sustainable supplychain development in Southern Africa.
The purpose of intra-regional trade liberalisation is to facilitate trade within a regional economic space, and through enhanced trade opportunities to elicit firm-level decisions to expand productive capacity.
Such expansion of productive capacity, through various modalities of investment, can have important implications for the development of markets and market processes, resulting in robust, sustainable regional development. We take account of the fact that households may include non-resident members, and therefore that the pension may play a role in facilitating migration to work or look for work.
We find that rural African women are significantly more likely to be migrant workers when they are members of a household in receipt of a pension, and that it is female pension income that drives this result. We explore a number of possible reasons why pension income might have this effect. Using the same household survey data as that used to generate official employment estimates, we also find an almost two million net increase in employment. However, we show that this increase is likely to have been inflated by changes in data capture and definitions of employment over the years, and that the real increase may be considerably less, with a lower bound of approximately 1.
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